| 2008 |
| July 17 |
Comstar Partners With Nortel For Moscow WiMAX Network
Comstar-UTS, an integrated telecommunications operator in Russia and the CIS, announced that it has selected Nortel equipment to develop the first mobile WiMAX network in Moscow, reported TMCnet. It continued: 160 base stations are expected to be built in Moscow by the end of 2008. The overall investments in the project are expected to amount to approximately $20 million in 2008. Building of the IEEE 802.16e network has already begun, with Kvazar-Micro (now renamed as SITRONICS Information Technologies) acting as the equipment supplier and Intellect-Telecom as the project designer, according to the companies. “The mobile WiMAX network, which will be added to other broadband Internet access technologies, will allow us to provide a very broad range of telecommunications services to our subscribers in Moscow, whether at home, in the office or on the street,” said Sergey Pridantsev, president and CEO of Comstar UTS. Details. |
| July 14 |
Comstar Builds First WiMAX Network In Armenia
Comstar United TeleSystems announced that Cornet-AM, an Internet services provider and a part of Comstar Group, has built the first mobile WiMAX network in the Republic of Armenia, according to a company press release. The equipment was supplied by Airspan and includes 24 base stations that are connected to each other via radio relay lines and rented telecommunications channels. The network uses the 3.6 to 3.8 frequency range and provides a full range of telecommunications services, such as data transmission, digital telephony, high speed internet access, and conference calling. Cornet considers voice services their next step and wants to expand their presence throughout Armenia.
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| July 11 |
Synterra Invests Heavily In WiMAX
Russian telco Synterra plans to spend between US$300 million and US$400 million on the acquisition of assets this year to become one of Russia’s top five telecom service providers, reported TeleGeography. The company launched its first 3.5 GHz fixed WiMAX network in April 2006, and in July the following year selected GDC Ecosystem partner Alcatel-Lucent to supply equipment for 2.5 GHz mobile WiMAX systems in a number of cities. The operator hopes to launch networks in 1,000 Russian cities by end-2008. Details. |
| June 26 |
GDC Call Examines Regulatory Process In Russia, BWA/WiMAX Deployments Worldwide
Regulatory process carriers have to go through in Russia to acquire spectrum for the next generation network deployments was examined during a monthly conference call of the WCA's Global Development Committee (GDC). Speaking on the call was Lee Sparkman, president of Enforta -- an early leader amongst the Russian WiMAX start-ups and one of the newest GDC members. Also participating was Maravedis CEO & Founder Adlane Fellah, who provided a reality check of BWA/WiMAX deployments and best practices worldwide. Both Enforta's and Maravedis' presentations are available on the members-only page of the GDC website for download. The next GDC call is scheduled for July 22. |
| June 19 |
Russia To See New WiMAX Federal Provider
Regional WiMAX operator MetroMax has found an investor and will soon be able to implement its regional expansion plans and become a federal operator, reported C-News. It continued: In the coming months the company is going to complete its deals on the purchase of a number of companies in Orenburg and Dimitrovgrad. By the end of the year, the company plans to open its branches in the country’s 14 regions. Details. |
| June 18 |
Next GDC Call To Examine WiMAX Deployments Worldwide, Spectrum Licensing In Russia
Key metrics analysis of WiMAX deployments worldwide and spectrum licensing in the Russian Federation will be key topics examined at the next monthly conference call of the WCA’s Global Development Committee (GDC). The call is scheduled for Tuesday, June 24 at 11 a.m. (US Eastern Time). It will feature Lee Sparkman of Enforta – an early leader amongst the Russian WiMAX start-ups and one of the newest GDC members – and Adlane Fellah of research firm Maravedis. During his presentation, Sparkman will examine the regulatory process carriers have to go through in Russia to acquire spectrum for the next generation network deployments. Enforta recently announced plans to expand its operating footprint by another 22 Russian cities during June, increasing the total service territory to 55 cities. The company also said it was on schedule to launch another 10 cities in the fourth quarter of 2008. Enforta was formed in October 2003 by a group of telecommunication industry executives headed by Sparkman and General Director Victor Ratnikov to provide broadband services using WiMAX and other advanced technologies in Russia’s regional capitals. Also on the call, Maravedis will provide “a reality check” of BWA/WiMAX deployments and best practices worldwide. This session will review the following: (1) What services and applications are driving the adoption of broadband wireless for residential and business customers? (2) What service revenues are WiMAX operators able to generate and what is the trend? (3) Latest Q1 2008 WiMAX statistics for residential and business ARPU by region and market segment. (4) How many subscribers are adopting WiMAX and at what pace? (5) What are the regional differences in the business case for WiMAX? The call is open to members of the GDC and its Ecosystem Partners. For more information, please contact Susan Polyakova. |
| June 10 |
Russian WiMAX Operator Enforta Joins GDC
Enforta, an early leader amongst the Russian WiMAX start-ups, today joined the Global Development Committee (GDC). Enforta recently announced plans to expand its operating footprint by another 22 Russian cities during June, increasing the total service territory to 55 cities. “This is our most ambitious launch program since we started the company,” said Enforta General Director Victor Ratnikov. By this month’s end, Enforta’s service footprint will include cities with an aggregate population exceeding 55 million.” Enforta also announced that it is on schedule to launch another 10 cities in the fourth quarter of 2008. Enforta was formed in October, 2003 by a group of telecommunication industry executives headed by President Lee Sparkman and General Director Victor Ratnikov with the objective to provide broadband services using WiMAX and other advanced technologies in Russia’s regional capitals. |
| April 15 |
Golden Telecom’s Ukrainian Mobile WiMAX Network Undergoes Testing
Russian-owned telco Golden Telecom has begun testing a mobile WiMAX network covering Ukraine’s second largest city, Kharkiv, reported TeleGeography. It continued: Golden’s deputy general director Vladislav Onipko said that the Ukrainian unit is on target to carry out its goal of rolling out 2.3 GHz WiMAX networks across six major cities by the end of this year, with 90 base stations planned for the capital, Kiev, alone. In February, Golden Telecom was acquired by fellow Russian cellco Vimpelcom, which operates nationwide GSM mobile services in Ukraine via subsidiary Ukrainian Radio Systems, under the Beeline brand. Details. |
| March 14 |
Russian Enforta Deploys WiMAX Services At 3.5GHz
Enforta, one of the largest wireless ISPs in Russia, has chosen Airspan’s equipment to deploy WiMAX services in the 3.5 GHz band, according to TeleGeography, which continued: Enforta currently provides high-speed Internet, telephony and VPN services to 14,000 corporate customers in 33 of Russia’s regional capital cities and plans to expand coverage to 65 of the country’s largest cities by the end of 2008. Details. |
| February 20 |
PeterStar To Resell Russian WiMAX Services
The St. Petersburg-based telco PeterStar is to launch as a WiMAX virtual network operator (WVNO), leasing capacity from WiMAX network operator Start Telecom, reported TeleGeography. It continued: Start Telecom has eleven 3.5 GHz WiMAX base stations in St. Petersburg, covering 60% of the city, which will be used by PeterStar to offer wireless broadband access. “St. Petersburg is the first phase in the development of WiMAX infrastructure in the Northwest,” said PeterStar General Director Ilya Kravchuk. PeterStar is a subsidiary of Synterra, which has its own WiMAX network in Russia but does not hold frequencies for the St. Petersburg area. Details. |
| January 16 |
Enforta Advances Russian WiMAX With Plans To Enter 40 Cities During 2008
Enforta today announced that it will be expanding its operating footprint to 65 of Russia’s largest cities by the end of 2008, according to a company press release. The company now provides high-speed Internet, telephony, and VPN services in 25 of Russia's regional capital cities using WiMAX and other technologies. The announcement of its expansion follows Enforta’s completion of an additional $40 million investment from its existing shareholder group and a new investor, Bessemer Venture Partners. “The WiMAX business proposition takes on a whole new dimension when used to provide basic infrastructure in emerging economies,” said Ron Elwell, Partner at Bessemer Venture Partners, who is joining the Enforta Board of Directors. In the first quarter of this year, Enforta plans on launching its network in Izhevsk, Nizhny Novogorod, Volgograd, Lipetsk, Tomsk, Komsomolsk-na-Amur, Nakhodka, and Ussuriysk. “By year’s end, Enforta will serve communities with an aggregate population of 55 million people,” said Enforta General Director Victor Ratnikov. |
| January 9 |
Russia Is One Of The World’s Top-5 WiMAX Opportunities
According to a new report from the market research firm Maravedis, the Russian Federation remains among the world’s top five Wireless Broadband opportunities, reported Cellular-News. It continued: The Russian economy is flourishing, with GDP per capita having risen from $4,000 in 1999 to $12,000 in 2006. The demand in telecom services is rapidly outpacing the capacity of legacy infrastructure. But investment in telecom is mostly coming into large cities, still leaving many places without coverage. Maravedis is convinced that the Russian Federation will remain a price-sensitive market. Mobile WiMAX needs to offer much lower prices to be competitive, as penetration of conventional broadband technologies is rapidly rising (though still at a low level). While demand for broadband services explodes, both service providers and residential users require low cost CPE ($100 range) before they fully adopt WiMAX. The report found that the accumulated WiMAX subscriber base in Russia will reach 4 million in 2012, and that WiMAX subscribers will dominate by 2012 representing around 75% of the total BWA subscriber base. Details.
Orange And Synterra To Build WiMAX In Moscow Region
Synterra and Orange Business Services announced an agreement to jointly implement the project ‘Regional mini-networks WiMAX’ in 22 towns of the Moscow Region, reported CNews. It continued: According to the agreement, the companies foresee a two-month term to execute the documents necessary to begin the project’s implementation. Orange will use that time to select an 802.16e equipment supplier and determine priority towns for the new network launch. Details.
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| 2007 |
| November 19 |
New Russian WiMAX Player Emerges; Intel Seeks Partner
Russian telco New Telecommunications said that it plans to launch WiMAX networks in 18 cities in the second quarter of next year, reported TeleGeography. It continued: The $35 million project will see the firm deploying around 200 base stations in the Central, Southern and Volga federal districts. Separately, the chip manufacturer Intel said it is looking for WiMAX partners in Russia who hold frequencies to roll out a nationwide network. WiMAX operator Synterra said it has already held negotiations with Intel’s investment arm, Intel Capital. Details. |
| March 19 |
Russian GSM Operators Enter WiMAX Business
While other Russian GSM operators are still working on plans to build WiMAX networks, MegaFon has already launched commercial wireless broadband service in Samara region and built a pre-WiMAX network in Saratov, according to ComNews, which further reported: Samara’s network – one of the largest pre-WiMAX networks in Russia – was built using equipment from Proxim Wireless. Other broadband wireless industry players do not see MegaFon as a competitor, thinking the company has to focus on its GSM business. But competition in Samara’s broadband wireless market will grow during 2007, with Enforta planning to launch its network there in the first half of the year. The company is using equipment from Alvarion operating at 5 GHz. All GSM operators in Russia are considering WiMAX network build-out. For example, country’s largest mobile operator MTS already has the frequencies but has not developed its WiMAX strategy. Meanwhile, in response to its request for spectrum in Russia’s 92 biggest cities, VimpelCom received another offer from the government – licenses in 30 third-tier cities with population of up to 100,000 people, and in three second-tier cities. According to a VimpelCom spokesperson, the company had asked to award spectrum for WiMAX network build-out at 3.5 GHz, but that request was denied. VimpelCom’s applications for licenses in other bands, including 2.5-2.7 GHz are still pending. “We are highly interested in building WiMAX networks. VimpelCom’s strategy is focused on building converged networks using various technologies – WiMAX, Wi-Fi and others,” the spokesperson said. Details: In Russian. |
| March 14 |
Russian Broadband Sector Presents Greatest Opportunities For Equipment Suppliers
The Russian telecom industry continues to be one of the fastest growing segments of the Russian economy, according to the Global Telecommunications Newsletter published by the U.S. Department of Commerce. It further wrote: “The broadband sector will be a major driver of new growth in the market. As licenses are issued this year to supply mobile and fixed-wireless broadband service, and the demand for high-speed Internet access explodes, the broadband sector presents the greatest opportunities for...equipment suppliers.” |
| March 13 |
WiMAX Competition Comes To Moscow With Two New Operators Launching Service
Moscow is set to become the first city in Russia where WiMAX network operators will begin to compete, according to ComNews, which further reported: The competition will come soon in the most popular 2.5-2.7 GHz band, with Synterra already operating there and Kosmos TV, Comstar-UTS and Summa Telecom holding licenses. Experts agree, however, the main competition will be between Comstar-UTS and Summa Telecom. Comstar-UTS earlier this year purchased and installed equipment for the launch of fixed wireless communications service in Moscow and its region. The operator has been testing the network and is getting ready for commercial launch by mid-year. Meanwhile, Summa Telecom said it has finished the build-out of its fiber-optic network around Moscow and is getting ready to start installing its own WiMAX equipment. The launch of the WiMAX network that will cover the whole city of Moscow is expected very soon, perhaps this spring, said company spokesman. Details: In Russian. |
| March 12 |
Enforta Expands Russian National Wireless Broadband Network
Russian Enforta announced it will extend its wireless broadband network to an additional six cities during the second quarter of 2007, including Voronezh, Lipetsk, Penza, Samara, Tula, and Yaroslavl. The company also plans entry into eight cities during the second half of 2007 and will cover 32 cities of Russia by year’s end. Enforta currently operates WiMAX and pre-WiMAX networks in 18 cities giving the company what it claims is “the largest high-speed wireless broadband footprint in Russia.” It is using equipment from Alvarion and Infinet Wireless. Details. |
| March 12 |
Ukraine’s Regulator To Sell WiMAX Frequencies
Ukraine’s National Commission for Regulation of Communications has scheduled a tender for March 26 to sell spectrum frequencies in the 5590-5670 MHz band for WiMAX in some regions of the country, according to Interfax. |
| March 9 |
Latvian Operator Launches WiMAX Service; More Competitors Coming To Market
Latvia’s largest fixed communications operator Lattelecom started offering wireless Internet service to its customers using WiMAX technology, according to ComNews, which further reported: Two other companies plan to compete with Lattelecom, launching both fixed and mobile WiMAX this year. Lattelecom, which is 49% owned by TeliaSonera, is offering a WiMAX package to residential customers in the regions that can’t be connected though DSL. Priced at $53, the package offers speeds of up to 1 Mb per second. For business customers Lattelecom offers speeds of up to 2 Mb per second for $91. The company believes that although WiMAX is superior to other wireless technologies, it makes sense to deploy it only in regions that lack wireline connection. Thus, it plans to offer WiMAX only where enough demand exists. Details: In Russian. |
| March 6 |
Ukraine’s Court To Hear Golden Telecom’s WiMAX License Suit
A court in Ukraine is scheduled to consider a lawsuit March 12 over the status of a WiMAX license belonging to a Ukrainian subsidiary of Russian telecom operator Golden Telecom, Prime-Tass reported, quoting Andrei Milinevsky, acting general director of Golden Telecom Ukraine. It further wrote: The subsidiary, S-Line, filed the lawsuit with Ukraine’s Kiev Arbitration Court in late 2006 after Ukraine’s telecom regulator did not extend the company’s WiMAX license upon S-Line’s acquisition by Golden Telecom. The court has forbidden the regulator from taking any action to re-allocate the company’s license or frequencies while the case is open. The regulator challenged that decision in late February.” |
| March 5 |
Aperto Focusing WiMAX Strategy On Emerging Markets
WiMAX developer and WCA Board member Aperto Networks is focusing on emerging markets such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India and Russia, where Manish Gupta, Aperto Networks vice president of marketing and alliances, believes bare-bones broadband connectivity is the first order of business, according to Wireless Week, which further reported: Nomadic and mobile WiMAX will come, but it's still four to five years away in emerging markets, where infrastructure and handset costs tend to be a more sensitive aspect of the business model than in more mature markets, said Gupta. Aperto has signed several contracts globally, including one for WiMAX networks in Greece and India. WiMAX “global opportunity is much larger than the opportunity we have here in the United States,” said Gupta. But he pointed out to the importance of the Sprint decision to deploy a WiMAX network. “Sprint’s decision is a big deal for the entire WiMAX industry. Besides the three vendors they’ve talked about, there will be many opportunities for devices, backhaul and other components.” |
| March 2 |
Russian Operator Building WiMAX Network With Alvarion Equipment
Cedicom, Italtel and Center Telecom said they successfully completed the first phase of the pilot project, under which they are building a broadband wireless access network using WiMAX Forum-certified equipment from Alvarion at 3.5 GHz in Orel City. The network, which will eventually cover the whole city, is expected to go into commercial use by July. Details: In Russian. |
| February 28 |
Russian Comstar To Deploy WiMAX In Saratov
Saratov will become one of the first cities where Russia’s largest alternative operator Comstar will deploy pre-WiMAX networks as part of the region development program, according to Vedomosti, which further reported: The company plans to use six base stations operating at 5 GHz to cover 80% of the city population. It will focus on 20 regions where it already has licenses to transmit voice using pre-WiMAX and other technologies. Details: In Russian. |
| February 26 |
Ukranian Regulator Awards 4 GHz Licenses To Two Operators
With the Ukranian regulator declining to award mobile WiMAX licenses, some operators have sought – and received – frequencies in other bands that enable similar services, according to HiTech.Expert, which further reported: The National Commission for Communications Regulation awarded 10-year, 4 GHz licenses to a mobile operator Kievstar and country’s largest fixed operator Ukrtelecom. Kievstar, which received 770 MHz, will start using the spectrum in August and must utilize it by June 2009. Ukrtelecom, which received 560 MHz, will start using the frequencies in July and must utilize them by February 2008. Details: In Russian. |
| February 23 |
Ukraine’s Regulator Examines Effectiveness Of WiMAX Spectrum Use By Operators
Ukraine’s communications regulator is looking into how effectively the operators that in 2005 received their WiMAX licenses at 2.3-2.4 GHz without a tender are using their spectrum, according to ComNews, which further reported: Among the companies under review is S-Line, which last year was acquired by Russia’s Golden Telecom. As a result, S-Line may lose its 10-year, nationwide license it had received from the National Commission for Communications Regulation without bidding. Some in the industry believe it was in the personal interest of some of the Commission members to award the licenses for such a valuable spectrum without tender. “Such companies [SunCom and S-Line] were created to receive spectrum licenses, which could later be sold at a higher price, or to sell the company itself with the licenses,” according to industry sources. Details: In Russian. |
| February 23 |
Romania To Offer Two National WiMAX Licenses
Romania’s General Inspectorate for Communications and Information Technology (IGCTI) will offer two national 3.5 GHz WiMAX licenses for auction in April, according to TeleGeography, which further reported: The regulator said it will also set aside spectrum for four regional WiMAX concessions and a number of local licenses. The head of the IGCTI, Catalin Marinescu, said that it plans to alter its license allocation procedure “from comparative to competitive.” Details. |
| February 22 |
Ukranian Regulators Refuse To Transfer Mobile WiMAX License To Golden Telecom
As GDC continues to expand its global coverage (in this instance by translating Russian-language news reports), Ukranian regulators reportedly declined to transfer a 2.3 GHz license from Ukranian operator S-Line to Russia’s Golden Telecom. Because Golden Telecom last year acquired a 75% stake in S-Line for $7.5 million, the decision was followed by those tracking such trends as foreign ownership in telecom companies. According to developments reported in proIT: S-Line last spring paid $200,000 for a 10-year national license at 2.3 GHz. It was supposed to apply for the license transfer 30 days after transfer of control to Golden Telecom, but it missed the deadline, a government source told Interfax. At its Feb. 8 meeting, the National Commission for Communications Regulation reportedly considered the application to transfer the license but made no decision. S-Line announced a court appeal saying the regulator had no basis under Ukranian law not to transfer the license. Details (Russian language). According to an overview by Vedomosti, the first company that received a WiMAX license in Ukraine was Ukranian Newest Technologies, which is owned by a venture capital fund Russian Technologies and Intel Capital. Last November, Russian operator Comstar’s sister company Technological Systems also received a WiMAX license for the 5.4-5.7 GHz spectrum for $800,000. Details (Russian language). |
| February 15 |
Ukrainian Regulator Cites Scarcity In Declining Requests For No-Bid WiMAX Licenses
Ukraine’s National Commission for Communications Regulation has refused to issue licenses for WiMAX frequencies to three operators, according to Prime-Tass, which further reported: The regulator rejected the application of state-owned fixed-line monopoly Ukrtelecom for WiMAX frequencies in nine out of 27 Ukrainian regions, as well as the applications of mobile operator Ukrainian Mobile Communications and Ukrainian Satellite Systems for countrywide licenses. The regulator explained its decision by citing lack of free spectrum, and rules that such licenses must be issued at tenders or auctions. |
| February 8 |
First Commercial WiMAX Network Coming To Ukraine
Telecom provider Ukrainian High Technologies (UHT) will build the first commercial WiMAX network in the Ukraine using Alvarion equipment, Alvarion announced today. Building on successful deployments in Ukraine’s capital Kiev and Kharkov, UHT plans to use its exclusive IEEE 802.16 license in 3.5 GHz spectrum to extend its WiMAX network starting with Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, and Lviv. Alvarion local partner S&T Soft-Tronik has performed system delivery, network deployment and will provide ongoing support. Details. |
| February 8 |
Maravedis To Compare 3G, WiMAX Spectrum In 100 Nations On WCA Live!
A comparison of Third Generation and WiMAX frequency bands in 100 countries will be featured Friday on this week’s edition of WCA Live! – the radio webcast produced by WCA and My Technology Lawyer Radio. Webcast at 2 p.m. (U.S. Eastern time), hosts of the show are WCA President Andrew Kreig and My Technology Lawyer Radio Producer Scott Draughon. The guest is Maravedis Research CEO Adlane Fellah, who founded a world-leader in broadband wireless market research and analysis. He will describe the market situation globally as service providers, investors, vendors and regulators seek out the most valuable spectrum for advanced broadband networks. The LISTEN LIVE link takes a listener directly to the radio show stream. Maravedis recently launched an enhanced version of its ClearSpectrum™ BWA/WiMAX Licensing Database, which provides information on more than 700 spectrum license holders plus technical regulations collected from regulators in the world's 100 largest economies. Details: www.clearspectrum.net. For additional information on WCA Live! (including archived versions of past weekly shows and dial-in instructions for questions), visit: Details. |
| February 7 |
Jordanian Operator Joins GDC
XPress Telecommunications, a private shareholding company that launched its services in June 2004 in the Jordanian telecommunications market, is the latest carrier to join the GDC via its affiliate Xpress International. XPress has a trunked radio (as opposed to cellular) operating license, and uses Motorola's iDEN equipment for its network technology. This technology is proprietary to Motorola and has been deployed in 15 countries in the Americas, Asia and the Middle East. XPress was granted the exclusivity of deploying iDEN by Motorola, who developed the technology back in 1994 to offer contemporary solutions for the growing business sector needs, as well as other sectors requiring instantaneous, real time communication, and the benefits of time and cost saving, efficiency and productivity. XPress offers subscribers its primary Direct Connect (Push to Talk) service, which enables one-to-one and one-to-many immediate, real time communication with a push of the Direct Connect button, similar to “Walkie-Talkie” systems. In addition, subscribers have complete access to regular mobile phone services including SMS and packet data applications such as WAP and complete data transfer solutions. XPress currently retains over 250 employees. The company's own nationwide network covers 95% of populated areas across the country, and is continuously undergoing expansion and optimization. The total number of its sites is 160 as of this month, with a plan to have 175 sites on air by Q2 of 2007. |
| January 30 |
Russian Comstar-UTS Obtains WiMAX Licenses In Country’s 20 Largest Regions
Russian telecom operator Comstar United TeleSystems announced that it has obtained licenses for IP voice data transmission, including WiMAX services, in the twenty largest regions in Russia. The licenses are valid until Nov. 17, 2011. The company didn’t disclose any details on the range, scale and type of services that it planned to launch, saying that information would be provided later, along with the related investments to be made. Eric Franke, Chief Executive Officer of Comstar UTS, commented: “This is a major step forward in our stated strategy of regional expansion….The licenses give us the opportunity to provide the latest telecommunication solutions in priority regions and strengthen our overall competitive position in the market.” |
| January 23 |
Russian Operator Moves To Expand WiMAX Network
Russian telecom operator Synterra announced that it completed the build-out of its WiMAX wireless broadband network in the Russian city of Belgorod and plans to launch services later this year. According to Prime-Tass, the company already operates WiMAX networks in Moscow and the city of Kursk. The networks in all three cities were constructed using equipment of the U.S. Motorola, the operator said. Synterra did not disclose the amount it invested in the Belgorod network, but said earlier it planned to spend about U.S. $4.5 million on regional WiMAX development. The company holds a license for frequencies in the range of 2.5-2.7 GHz in Moscow, the Moscow Region and 16 other regions in the Central Federal District. See details, in Russian. |
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